INDIAN SALT INDUSTRY
Case Studies
January 10, 2019
INDIAN SALT INDUSTRY IS GOING GLOBAL: AN OVERVIEW
A case study is an intensive description and analysis of a single individual or group, a company or any specific sector. It could also be regarding any particular economy or country. It all depends on the requirement of the reader.
A case study could be descriptive in nature, describing all the cause and effect relationship of any particular situation. Or it could be an unsolved case study which has a problem for the readers to solve. These case studies have enough information in them that readers can understand what the problems are and, after thinking about them and analyzing the information; the readers should be able to come up with a proposed solution.
Case Study teaches the reader how to draw definite cause-effect conclusions based on given information. Although it's Hard to generalize from a single case, the reader is expected to apply his logic and comprehension power for understanding and solving the problem proposed in form of case study.
Case Study also provides good opportunity for innovation as rare phenomenon is discussed in the case study.
A case study could be descriptive in nature, describing all the cause and effect relationship of any particular situation. Or it could be an unsolved case study which has a problem for the readers to solve. These case studies have enough information in them that readers can understand what the problems are and, after thinking about them and analyzing the information; the readers should be able to come up with a proposed solution.
Case Study teaches the reader how to draw definite cause-effect conclusions based on given information. Although it's Hard to generalize from a single case, the reader is expected to apply his logic and comprehension power for understanding and solving the problem proposed in form of case study.
Case Study also provides good opportunity for innovation as rare phenomenon is discussed in the case study.
INDIAN SALT INDUSTRY IS GOING GLOBAL: AN OVERVIEW
India ranks third in the production of salt in the world next to USA and China. The Average annual production is about 20.31 million tones against the average annual world production of 240-250 million tones. Worldwide about 25 million tones of salt are used for edible purposes and rest is used for non-edible and industrial purpose.
Salt Production Worldwide
Huge consumption
The world wide salt production is currently 200 million tons and exceeding the mark rapidly. The worldwide industries manufacture this huge quantity of salt not only for consumption but for non-edible and industrial purpose as well.
Ways of extraction
Almost sixty percentage of salt production in the whole world goes to the industrial usage. Only the remaining forty percent is used for miscellaneous purposes that major constitutes the application in the form of food additives. When you talk about the worldwide salt production, it is mandatory to know the different ways that the salt is obtained all over the globe.
Prima facie, evaporation of sea water to obtain salts is the method carried out in majority parts of the Asian subcontinents. Especially in the India and china, the salt production is done in this ways and they obtain almost 99.5 percentage of purity still. The salts produced this ways are being washed again chemically to remove the impurities and then it is shipped.
Different parts of the globe
There are still other forms of obtaining salts as well. Even in India and china you could find some of these different forms of extracting salt. One is through mining process. This is salt extraction from the salt beds underneath the earth. Such a sort of salts is then allowed to be prepared in the laboratories to be modified to the form of fine granules as we see the table salt.
Salts obtained in this way are in majority from the United States of America as well as other European continents. Their purity levels are a big challenge though. They are not competent to the great purity levels obtained as one gets from the salts of India and china. 99.5 to 99.7 is the range of purity that could be obtained from these salts of the west. Most of them find applications only in the industries.
It could be evident by now that almost all of those fine graded salts are just the western brand names carrying eastern salt inside. Anyhow, there is one more variety of salt obtained from the brine. This is called as solution mining process. This is almost one third of the total salt production methods in the world.
All those salts extracted from the Australia and Mexico is essentially of this kind of manufacturing. The level of purity that is obtained is of the highest grade when you compare with the other forms of salt extraction. The purity range varies somewhere in between to the second decimals of 99.9. It depends from place to place from the set standards of production process carried out.
Industrial applications
Sometimes it is also about the raw salt content which is obtained from a particular place. There are certain traces of impurities at micro levels which are just integral part of the salt itself and it could not be removed even after so many sophisticated processes and techniques employed. Worldwide salt production for industrial applications includes the organic synthesis, petroleum production, byproducts fractional distillation and many more processes.
The world wide salt production is currently 200 million tons and exceeding the mark rapidly. The worldwide industries manufacture this huge quantity of salt not only for consumption but for non-edible and industrial purpose as well.
Ways of extraction
Almost sixty percentage of salt production in the whole world goes to the industrial usage. Only the remaining forty percent is used for miscellaneous purposes that major constitutes the application in the form of food additives. When you talk about the worldwide salt production, it is mandatory to know the different ways that the salt is obtained all over the globe.
Prima facie, evaporation of sea water to obtain salts is the method carried out in majority parts of the Asian subcontinents. Especially in the India and china, the salt production is done in this ways and they obtain almost 99.5 percentage of purity still. The salts produced this ways are being washed again chemically to remove the impurities and then it is shipped.
Different parts of the globe
There are still other forms of obtaining salts as well. Even in India and china you could find some of these different forms of extracting salt. One is through mining process. This is salt extraction from the salt beds underneath the earth. Such a sort of salts is then allowed to be prepared in the laboratories to be modified to the form of fine granules as we see the table salt.
Salts obtained in this way are in majority from the United States of America as well as other European continents. Their purity levels are a big challenge though. They are not competent to the great purity levels obtained as one gets from the salts of India and china. 99.5 to 99.7 is the range of purity that could be obtained from these salts of the west. Most of them find applications only in the industries.
It could be evident by now that almost all of those fine graded salts are just the western brand names carrying eastern salt inside. Anyhow, there is one more variety of salt obtained from the brine. This is called as solution mining process. This is almost one third of the total salt production methods in the world.
All those salts extracted from the Australia and Mexico is essentially of this kind of manufacturing. The level of purity that is obtained is of the highest grade when you compare with the other forms of salt extraction. The purity range varies somewhere in between to the second decimals of 99.9. It depends from place to place from the set standards of production process carried out.
Industrial applications
Sometimes it is also about the raw salt content which is obtained from a particular place. There are certain traces of impurities at micro levels which are just integral part of the salt itself and it could not be removed even after so many sophisticated processes and techniques employed. Worldwide salt production for industrial applications includes the organic synthesis, petroleum production, byproducts fractional distillation and many more processes.
Salt Industry in India
India is the third largest Salt producing Country in the World after China and USA with Global annual production being about 230 million tones. The production of salt during 1947 was 1.9 million tones which has increased tenfold to record 20 million tones during 2005.
In a very short period of time sufficiency was achieved (in 1953) and made a dent in the export market. Since then, the country has never resorted to imports. Exports touched an all time high of 1.6 million in the year 2001.
The per-capita consumption of salt in the country is estimated at about 12 kg, which includes edible as well as industrial salt. The current annual requirement of salt in the country is estimated to be 60 lakhs tones for industrial use. Caustic soda, soda ash, chlorine etc., are the major salt-based industries. Besides about 15 lakhs tones of salt is exported every year.
Sea salt constitutes about 70% of the total salt production in the country. Salt manufacturing activities are carried out in the coastal states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, West Bengal Goa and hinter land State of Rajasthan. Among these States only Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan produces salt surplus to their requirement. These three states produce about 70%, 15% and 12% respectively of the total salt produced in the country and cater to the requirement of all the salt deficit and non-salt producing states.
Private sector plays a dominant role contributing over 95% of the salt production, while the public sector contributes about 2-3%. The co-operative sector contributes about 8% whereas the small-scale sector (less than 10 acres) accounts for nearly 40% of the total salt production in the country.
Top Brands of Salt in India
In a very short period of time sufficiency was achieved (in 1953) and made a dent in the export market. Since then, the country has never resorted to imports. Exports touched an all time high of 1.6 million in the year 2001.
The per-capita consumption of salt in the country is estimated at about 12 kg, which includes edible as well as industrial salt. The current annual requirement of salt in the country is estimated to be 60 lakhs tones for industrial use. Caustic soda, soda ash, chlorine etc., are the major salt-based industries. Besides about 15 lakhs tones of salt is exported every year.
Sea salt constitutes about 70% of the total salt production in the country. Salt manufacturing activities are carried out in the coastal states of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, West Bengal Goa and hinter land State of Rajasthan. Among these States only Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan produces salt surplus to their requirement. These three states produce about 70%, 15% and 12% respectively of the total salt produced in the country and cater to the requirement of all the salt deficit and non-salt producing states.
Private sector plays a dominant role contributing over 95% of the salt production, while the public sector contributes about 2-3%. The co-operative sector contributes about 8% whereas the small-scale sector (less than 10 acres) accounts for nearly 40% of the total salt production in the country.
Top Brands of Salt in India
- Tata salt
- Captain cook
- i-shakthi
- Aashirvadh
- Annapurna
- Surya salt
- Sambhar salt
- Nirma shudh and many more
Salt Works and Acreage under Salt Production
There are about 10107 salt works, mostly in small sector engaged in the production of salt. The total area under salt production is about 5.0 lakhs acres. The salt manufacturing activities provide direct employment to about one-lakh persons per day.
Distribution of Salt
Railways play an important role in transporting salt from three surplus states to the entire length and breadth of the country. On an average, 55% of edible salt is transported by rail from production centers. The remaining quantity moves by road and waterway.
odized Salt
With a view to ensure universal access of iodized salt for the prevention and control of goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders in the country, Salt Commissioner's Office has been identified as the nodal agency for creation of adequate salt iodization capacity, its distribution and quality monitoring at production centers, under NIDDCP. Salt Department has granted permission to more than 878 salt iodized units with an annual installed capacity of 112 lakh tones so far.
Exports
Export of common salt and iodized salt is permitted under Open General License (O.G.L.). Salt is exported manly to Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, and Bhutan etc. India has, for the first time, exported 32,500 tonnes of common salt to the US during December 2002, creating a history of sorts.
Liberalization and Simplification of Procedure
Following amendments to Central Excise and Salt Act, 1944 in 1996, de-licensing the salt industry and Salt Cess Rules, 1964 in 2001 and introducing self-removal procedure (SRP) instead of permit system for payment of cess and removal of salt from salt factories, several registers have been discontinued or re-organized.
There are about 10107 salt works, mostly in small sector engaged in the production of salt. The total area under salt production is about 5.0 lakhs acres. The salt manufacturing activities provide direct employment to about one-lakh persons per day.
Distribution of Salt
Railways play an important role in transporting salt from three surplus states to the entire length and breadth of the country. On an average, 55% of edible salt is transported by rail from production centers. The remaining quantity moves by road and waterway.
odized Salt
With a view to ensure universal access of iodized salt for the prevention and control of goiter and other iodine deficiency disorders in the country, Salt Commissioner's Office has been identified as the nodal agency for creation of adequate salt iodization capacity, its distribution and quality monitoring at production centers, under NIDDCP. Salt Department has granted permission to more than 878 salt iodized units with an annual installed capacity of 112 lakh tones so far.
Exports
Export of common salt and iodized salt is permitted under Open General License (O.G.L.). Salt is exported manly to Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nepal, and Bhutan etc. India has, for the first time, exported 32,500 tonnes of common salt to the US during December 2002, creating a history of sorts.
Liberalization and Simplification of Procedure
Following amendments to Central Excise and Salt Act, 1944 in 1996, de-licensing the salt industry and Salt Cess Rules, 1964 in 2001 and introducing self-removal procedure (SRP) instead of permit system for payment of cess and removal of salt from salt factories, several registers have been discontinued or re-organized.
Sources of Salt
The main sources of salt in India are
- Sea brine
- Lake brine
- Sub-soil brine and
- Rock salt deposits
Major Salt Producing Centers
Sea water is an inexhaustible source of salt. Salt production along the coast is limited by weather and soil conditions. The major salt producing centers are
- Marine Salt works along the coast of Gujarat (Jamnagar, Mithapur,Jhakhar, Chira, Bhavnagar, Rajula, Dahej, Gandhidham, Kandla, Maliya, Lavanpur),
- Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin, Vedaranyam, Covelong),
- Andhra Pradesh (Chinnaganjam, Iskapalli, Krishnapatnam, Kakinada & Naupada),
- Maharashtra(Bhandup, Bhayandar, Palghar),
- Orissa (Ganjam, Sumadi) and
- West Bengal (Contai)
- Inland Salt Works in Rajasthan using lake brine and sub-soil brine viz. Sambhar Lake, Nawa, Rajas, Kuchhaman, Sujangarh and Phalodi
- Salt works in Rann of Kutch using sub-soil brine viz: Kharaghoda, Dhrangadhra; Santalpur
- Rock Salt Deposits at Mandi in the State of Himachal Pradesh
Profile & Status of Salt Industry
There are about 13000 salt manufacturers engaged in production of Common salt in an extent of about 5.50 lakh acres in the Country. It is estimated that 90 per cent of the total number of salt manufacturers are small salt producers (having an individual extent of less than 10 acres for salt manufacture), 5.5% is large scale producers (having an individual extent of more than 100 acres) and 4.5 % is medium scale producers (having an individual extent between 10 and 100 acres).
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States accounting for about 96 per cent of the Country's production. Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production, followed by Tamil Nadu (12 %) and Rajasthan (8%). The rest 4% production comes from Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Diu & Daman. On an average 62% of the total production is from large salt producers followed by small scale producers (36%) and rest by medium scale producers.
The average annual supplies of salt for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones; 57% of the salt for human consumption moves by rail and 43% by road. 89% of the salt for industrial consumption moves by road, 7% by rail and 4% by coastal shipment to various industries; when the total indigenous supplies is taken, 69% moves by road, 27% moves by rail and 3% by sea.
Average Annual Production of Salt in India is 176 lakh tones whereas ever high production of 199 lakh tones was recorded during 2005 followed by 181 lakh tonnes during 2006. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan are surplus Salt producing States accounting for about 96 per cent of the Country's production. Gujarat contributes 76 per cent to the total production, followed by Tamil Nadu (12 %) and Rajasthan (8%). The rest 4% production comes from Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, West Bengal, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Diu & Daman. On an average 62% of the total production is from large salt producers followed by small scale producers (36%) and rest by medium scale producers.
The average annual supplies of salt for human consumption is about 57 lakh tonnes and that for industrial consumption is about 83 lakh tones; 57% of the salt for human consumption moves by rail and 43% by road. 89% of the salt for industrial consumption moves by road, 7% by rail and 4% by coastal shipment to various industries; when the total indigenous supplies is taken, 69% moves by road, 27% moves by rail and 3% by sea.
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